When I recently installed Stardew Valley for the first time on a new computer, it also installed these things, perhaps some are missing on your computer:
Microsoft XNA Framework Redistributable 4.0 Refresh 4.0.30901.0
Microsoft Visual C++ 2013 Redistributable (x86) - 12.0.30501.0
Microsoft Visual C++ 2013 Redistributable (x64) - 12.0.30501.0
and maybe .NET Framework 4.8
You could look in Windows Settings --> Apps and see if the first 3 are listed in there.
I'll see if I can dig up links to those installers.
Edit: Below are links to the download pages at Microsoft,
however the specific version is not listed and I don't know how important that is. I'll try to uninstall the versions associated with my Stardew Valley install that work, and then install these and see if SDV still continues to work properly.
But after lunch because brain is outta juice right now.
Microsoft XNA Framework Redistributable 4.0 Refresh:
The XNA Framework Redistributable download provides game developers with the XNA Framework run-time libraries they can include with their product for redistribution on the Windows platform.
www.microsoft.com
Microsoft Visual C++ 2013 Redistributable (both x86 and x64 are included):
The Visual C++ Redistributable Packages install run-time components that are required to run C++ applications that are built by using Visual Studio 2013. For an updated version of these redistributable packages, see KB 3138367.
www.microsoft.com
and if necessary, .NET Framework 4.8 (use the .NET Framework 4.8 Runtime link):
Downloads for building and running applications with .NET Framework 4.8 . Get web installer, offline installer, and language pack downloads for .NET Framework.
dotnet.microsoft.com
