Um, OK.
So Stardew Valley works without me needing to do any of the questionable downloads. OK what did I do?
Installed Windows 10 Version 22H2 (the most recent one)
Installed the most current video drivers for these 3rd Gen processor graphics from Intel here:
This page lists Intel® Graphics drivers for Intel® Graphics products.
www.intel.com
Expand the Windows 10 section and click the
Intel® Graphics Driver for Windows* [15.33] link. Install that and restart when it asks.
Then I downloaded and installed the regular version of Stardew Valley from GOG.com (where I bought it from, Steam should be identical). You have to go out of your way on GOG to get the Compatibility version (32-bit version), including downloading their GOG Galaxy launcher app and I didn't do that. I really don't think I have the 32-bit version.
That driver I linked above is from 2020 and is newer than the one that Windows installed for me so please try installing that and maybe SDV will work?
I had SDV crash on me before on a different 3rd gen machine so this is a surprise. I hope the driver update works for you.